Transcription in all forms of life is a tightly controlled process, necessitated by the essentiality of correct temporal and spatial expression of genes for survival.

Collectively, our data underline, for the first time, the importance of П‰ for RNAP function and cellular harmony in S. In this study, we investigated the structural and functional importance of П‰, revealing key roles in subunit folding/stability, complex assembly, and maintenance of transcriptional integrity. Although this small subunit is well studied in eukaryotes and Gram-negative bacteria, only limited information is available for Gram-positive and pathogenic species. In addition to its major subunits (О± 2ОІОІвЂІ) a fifth, smaller subunit, П‰, is present in all forms of life. Transcription is carried out by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP). IMPORTANCE In order for bacteria to adjust to changing environments, such as within the host, the transcriptional process must be tightly controlled. Collectively, our data underline, for the first time, the importance of П‰ for RNAP stability, function, and cellular physiology in S. These transcriptional changes translated to an impaired ability of the rpoZ mutant to resist stress and to fully form a biofilm. Through RNA sequencing analysis we detected a variety of transcriptional changes in the rpoZ-deficient strain, presumably as a response to the negative effects of П‰ depletion on the transcription machinery. aureus display structural changes in the RNAP complex, which result from increased degradation and misfolding of the ОІвЂІ subunit, alterations in Оґ and Пѓ factor abundance, and a general dissociation of RNAP in the absence of П‰. aureus, and consequently, survival under starvation conditions is unaffected by rpoZ deletion. Interestingly, key residues that facilitate ppGpp binding by П‰ are not conserved in S. In Escherichia coli, it has been shown that ppGpp binding, and thus control of the stringent response, is facilitated by П‰. This is particularly true for the omega (П‰ or RpoZ) subunit, which has been extensively studied in Gram-negative bacteria but largely neglected in Gram-positive counterparts. While DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) is generally well characterized, the roles of several small accessory subunits within the complex have yet to be fully explored. Its ability to adapt to the human host and to produce a successful infection requires precise orchestration of gene expression. Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that causes infection in a wide variety of sites within the human body.

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